Linda Hannigan walks her neighborhood near Walnut Hill and Midway, and she sees water rushing down the street, down driveways, over sidewalks. And since it’s not a rainy fall day but a warm summer evening, she knows why the water is there, and it bothers her. People are watering their lawns and not doing a very good job of it.
“I wish people would understand why they need to worry about wasting water like that,” says Hannigan, who has found a way to keep some
“Of all the metro areas in the state, we’re way behind in the water conservation mentality. They’re thinking ahead for their future, and we’re not.”
That’s a sentiment that more of us are likely to start considering. Crime, potholes and strong mayors may not be the burning political issues of the next decade. Instead, it could well be whether we’re allowed to water our lawns.
Dallas — faced with rapid, steady growth and an increasing demand for water, but with no natural supply of water available, no Lake Michigan next door to tap at will — is at a liquid crossroads. The crisis we faced in of the 1950s, when tremendous drought forced the City to use
Do we continue to build reservoirs, even though the water will be pumped from 80 to 100 miles away and flood significant parts of
And, perhaps most importantly, do we need to adjust our entire attitude about water? Consider that half of the water we use in the summer is used to water our lawns, and that it’s not unusual for some neighborhood residents to use more than 15,000 gallons a month — almost double the typical amount — to keep the grass green. Is that a good enough reason for more reservoirs?
“We have about a 15- or 20-year window to deal with the issue,” says John Easton, an environmental engineer who teaches at SMU and specializes in water issues.
“And it’s not so much about conservation or building new reservoirs as it is about using water more efficiently. That means not necessarily taking shorter showers, but figuring out a way to use less water when we do it.”
Facts and figures
The most important fact about water in this part of
Sometime in the next three years, the city will add
Don’t feel badly if you don’t know this. Hardly anyone does. A state water board survey found that only 28 percent of Texans know where their water comes from.
What it means is that every time you turn on the tap, the city spent tens of millions of dollars to dig the hole and lay the pipe to bring the water to you. One example: Dallas is spending $4.1 million a mile to lay seven miles of 108-inch diameter pipe (nine feet around) to finish connecting Lake Fork, about 35 miles northeast of Terrell, to the city’s water system. And estimates call for
Says Jim Park, chairman of the state-mandated committee that oversees water planning for the
But given forecasts for population growth, what else is there to do? Current projections call for
“Water is not one of those things that you can do without,” says Charles E. Stringer, assistant director of water operations for Dallas Water Utilities, which oversees the city’s water system.
“
Conspicuous consumption
We use lots and lots of that water, about 245 gallons per person per day. (We’re not the thirstiest in the area — that distinction goes to
Our total is somewhat inflated, since it includes commercial and business customers such as restaurants, which are notorious water wasters. Stringer says a typical home probably uses about half that total per day for inside use.
But it’s still a lot. Even half of the 245 gallons a day are the equivalent of filling and emptying a typical bathtub about 2 times. By 2010, per person use is expected to grow to 258 gallons a day. Both figures are far above state averages, currently about 170 gallons per person per day. And in the summer, we use half of that water on our lawns — and our driveways and our sidewalks and any neighbors walking by.
“People have a misconception that xeriscaping and using native plants is a bunch of cactus and rocks,” says Judy Fender, a master gardener who works for
“And some are. But not everything is Wiley looking, like Wiley Coyote. And I decided not to have those kinds of native plants.”
Another key to saving water is the City’s conservation ordinance, which prohibits watering in the summer between 10 and 6 on weekdays, punishes excessive runoff and watering when it rains, and requires sprinkler systems to have water-sensing devices.
Stringer says that the ordinance seems to be working, since peak demand has decreased in the summer over the past several years (although milder and wetter summers may have helped, too, he notes). The numbers seem to bear this out. Code enforcement inspectors didn’t issue any citations between last October and the beginning of August, and gave just 199 warnings, the lowest total in the three years of the ordinance.
In addition, the City wants to cut per-person use by five percent over the next five years, and another 10 percent by 2060. It already reuses 70 percent of indoor water — what goes down the sink and through the washing machine — and is looking at ways to increase that figure (although there is no way currently to re-use outdoor water that isn’t absorbed by plants and grasses).
Also, the City ran a rebate program for sprinkler sensors in the last six months of 2004, which attracted three times as many participants as expected (although it only expected a couple of hundred applicants), and is studying rebate schemes for other water-efficient appliances, audits and rebates for restaurants, additional education programs, and upgrading city facilities. Cedar Crest Golf Course, for example, waters its fairways with recycled water.
Consistent rates
What the City doesn’t want to do is jigger with water rates, Stringer says. For one thing, if
“You’d probably have to raise the rates so much that people couldn’t afford it,” he says, “and then you’d raise the whole subject of why you’re making something everyone needs to live so expensive.”
Currently, Dallas has a four-tier residential system based on use — one charge for up to 4,000 gallons a month ($1.16 per 1,000 gallons); another for 4,001 to 10,001 gallons ($1.95 per 1,000 gallons); a third for 10,001 to 15,000 ($2.62 per 1,000 gallons); and the highest for more than 15,000 ($3.40 per 1,000 gallons).
The goal is to keep water affordable, yet make people who use more pay more. Still,
So if our water remains reasonably inexpensive, what’s the incentive to use it more efficiently?
Not much, and that may explain why
Finding role models
But are there also sticks. The city not only has a four-tier residential rate system that charges heavy users four times more (compared to three times more in
“What you have to remember is that for the longest time, we weren’t doing anything either,” says Calvin Finch, who directs
“But we had an intensive program to enlist our ratepayers to reduce use, and it has worked. And we have done it without reducing the quality of life, and growth and economic development have not been interfered with.”
Still,
But that doesn’t mean there aren’t lessons to be learned. Hannigan has grass in smaller side yards; she waters it infrequently, only two or three times this summer. Meanwhile, much of the rest of the front and back is filled with wax myrtles, nandinas, sumacs and hollies.
Hannigan’s water use is nowhere near that of her neighbors. Last summer, she used 7,300 and 7,600 gallons in July and August. That’s not only 1,000 gallons or so less than what the City says the typical household uses, but it’s substantially less in two months than many of her neighbors use in one month.
“If the population is going to increase so much in the next 10 or 20 years, and we’re going to need more water, I don’t want to have to get it by building new reservoirs,” she says. “That’s a big deal, and I just don’t think people realize how big a deal it is.”